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Brown Roll-rim
A common brown, ectomycorrhizal gilled mushroom of the bolete order with a strongly inrolled cap margin and decurrent gills that bruise dark brown. It was once widely eaten in Europe but can cause a potentially fatal immune-mediated destruction of red blood cells. It is part of a complex of similar species.
DEADLY. Do not eat, raw or cooked. Raw or undercooked fruit bodies cause gastrointestinal illness. The main danger is cumulative and immune-mediated (Paxillus syndrome): repeated meals, often over years, sensitize the eater, and a later meal triggers antibodies that destroy red blood cells, causing kidney failure and sometimes death. Fatal cases are documented, including the mycologist Julius Schäffer in 1944. No antidote.
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