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Fool's Mushroom (Spring Destroying Angel)
An all-white, deadly poisonous European Amanita that fruits in spring, with free white gills, a membranous ring and a large sack-like volva. It contains amatoxins and is as dangerous as the death cap. It is not known from North America; North American 'A. verna' records refer to other destroying angels.
Deadly poisonous. It contains amatoxins (alpha- and beta-amanitin), with HPLC analyses reporting high alpha- and beta-amanitin levels that may make it among the most toxic Amanitas. Symptoms begin 6-24 hours after eating, with cramps, vomiting and diarrhea, followed by an apparent recovery and then liver and kidney failure; severe cases may need a liver transplant. Any suspected ingestion is a medical emergency. Full safety details in notes.
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